In traditional circumcisions, often the same knife is used for many initiates. Traditional circumcision during manhood initiation rituals in. Medical vs traditional male circumcision debate rages. Jul 05, 2016 integrating medical male circumcision and traditional initiation is complicated. But those who undergo medical male circumcision are rejected even by their friends at school and in the community, if one has undergone traditional male circumcision. An exploration of the knowledge, attitudes and beliefs of. Abstract hispanics in the united states have lower rates of male circumcision and higher rates of hiv. Thirteen eastern and southern african countries are currently scalingup voluntary medical male circumcision vmmc as part of a comprehensive hiv prevention strategy. The tok mudim described the procedure in detail and was of the opinion that the. May 23, 20 traditional circumcision of males is common amongst many societies in subsaharan africa. Action is required to improve male circumcision practices in many regions and to ensure that health care providers and the public have uptodate information on the health risks as well as the benefits of safe male circumcision.
There has been the notion that, especially with traditional male circumcision, that not the entire foreskin is removed. From the traditional music and cultures of kenya, a multimedia encyclopaedia dedicated to all kenyan tribes, including music and dance, history, culture, society, religion and beliefs, rituals and daily life, fables, legends, riddles and proverbs. This study focuses on the vitality of the shangani traditional initiation ritual of male circumcision mc practice in the context of hiv and aids epidemic. In 1999, a new policy on routine male circumcision states that the potential medical benefits of circumcision does not warrant performing it routinely. There is conclusive evidence from observational data and three randomized controlled. Manual for male circumcision under local anaesthesia. Voluntary medical male circumcision vmmc reduces chances of contracting hiv during heterosexual intercourse in males, and risk of cervical cancer in their female sexual partners. Integrating medical male circumcision and traditional initiation is complicated. The limited data available on the safety of traditional male circumcision point to high rates of complications and adverse events.
Traditional practices are important in maintaining cultural identity and continuity, but some have harmful aspects and voices have been raised to discontinue such. National strategy aims to reach 80% of males aged 1549 with circumcision services by 2016 that is 4. Eastern cape is the preferred location for traditional male circumcision. The global spread of islam from the 7th century ad necessitated,, knowledge, attitudes and practices of men towards voluntary male medical circumcision. Randomised controlled trials of male circumcision proved that circumcision was up to 60% protective against the acquisition of hiv among men national strategy aims to reach 80% of males aged 1549 with. Circumcision of the male child starts way back in history as far as the biblical times. Overcoming barriers to uptake of voluntary medical male. Here, men can opt for one of two types of circumcision. May 28, 2017 despite the awareness raised about the negative effects of circumcision, and despite the fact that there is a strong chinese and brazilian influence in africa neither nations generally practice. Traditional male circumcision in eastern and southern. It also addresses broader issues of sexual and reproductive health of men and emphasizes that male circumcision must be set within the context of other strategies for reducing the risk of hiv infection. Complications of traditional circumcision amongst young xhosa. In south africa, where the initiation season is in full swing, there has been a varied response.
In pondoland in the eastern cape, for example, there has been strong resistance to surgical intervention. Opinions and perceptions regarding traditional male. In the eastern cape the application of health standards in traditional circumcision act. Within africa, male circumcision is widely practiced and almost universal in the north and west africa.
South african national guidelines for medical male circumcision. This research seek to look at the culture of traditional male circumcision in south africa and the impact this tradition has on the lives and health of the people who practice it. Male circumcision policy, practices and services in the. The 2012 policy statement says that not only should newborn circumcision be available to any parent who might wish, but it should be paid for by thirdparty payers. The following underpinning factors have been identified to be a panacea. The ritual is traditionally intended as a teaching institution, to prepare young males for the responsibilities of manhood. Mar 10, 2011 she further explained that there is a difference between traditional and medical circumcision. There are several important differences between traditional procedures and the clinical procedures adopted in the randomised controlled trials of male circumcision for hiv prevention. Adult male circumcision tool for use in traditional ceremonies. This should take into account the values, meanings and. Ulwaluko, traditional circumcision and initiation into manhood, is an ancient initiation rite practised though not exclusively by the amaxhosa, and is commonly practised throughout south africa. In the past decade, traditional male circumcision, known as ulwaluko among the.
Circumcision amongst the xhosa people of south africa represents a rite of passage to manhood. Scientific studies show some medical benefits of circumcision. During the circumcision procedure, the traditional sur geon uses an assegai umdlanga to cut the foreskin of the penis without any anesthesia in the circumcision initiation school mavundla et al. Donors like the us centers for disease control and prevention and africa comprehensive hivaids partnership funded by the gates foundation in collaboration with botswanas ministry of health have invested much to encourage hivnegative men to circumcise. Mathematical modeling suggests that circumcising 80% of the male population aged 1549 in these countries by 2015 and sustaining this coverage level thereafter could avert 430,000 new hiv infections by. The tribe uses the zhou elephant totem and claims to have a strong jewish traditional background upon which their practice of circumcision is anchored. Graphic before and after photos of patients receiving a traditional circumcision procedure. Medical male circumcision mmc is the surgical removal of the thin layer of skin that covers the head of the penis. Analysis consisted of descriptive statistics and bivariate analysis between circumcision and. We systematically searched databases and reports for studies on the prevalence and complications of traditional male circumcision in youth 1024 years of age in eastern and southern africa, and also determined the ages at which traditional circumcision is. Making the case for circumcision as a public health. Information for parents circumcision is a surgical procedure in which the skin covering the end of the penis is removed. We systematically searched databases and reports for studies on the prevalence and complications of traditional male circumcision in youth 1024 years of age in eastern and southern africa, and also determined the ages at which traditional circumcision is most frequently performed.
Many boys and men wishing to be circumcised do not have. Opinions and perceptions regarding traditional male circumcision. Traditional xhosa male circumcision rites need to be understood within a highly complex sociosexual context involving violence, family breakdown, resource scarcity and intergenerational conflict. However, the aap doesnt recommend routine circumcision for all male newborns. However, its uptake among traditionally circumcising communities, where male circumcision carries a cultural significance, has not been studied. Traditional male circumcision in eastern and southern africa. Pdf ulwaluko traditional male circumcision researchgate. The complications of traditional male circumcision were studied in 48 boys seen between january 1981 and december 1995.
Chinese, simplified mandarin dialect bilingual pdf health information translations chinese, traditional cantonese dialect. Getting circumcision is the right thing to do for your health and the health of your partner and loved ones because it has many health benefits. Botswana has been running safe male circumcision smc since 2009 and has not yet met its target. Traditional male circumcision in traditional male circumcision a practitioner with no formal medical training and whose coverage and safety precautions are unclear does the procedure w ilken et al. Traditional male circumcision has an increased risk for complications. The male circumcision rate in ivory coast is around 95%, with operations conducted in hospitals and health clinics. Is traditional male circumcision effective as an hiv. Mortality related to traditional male circumcision was 0. So, if you still have some foreskin, then we cannot say your risk has been reduced or not says dr. The present study considers male circumcision in lesotho, where hiv prevalence is among the highest in the world 23%. According to the zimbabwe national aids council, male circumcision is the surgical removal of the fold.
Male circumcision under local anaesthesia version 3. Pdf on sep 11, 2015, asithandile diveti and others published ulwaluko traditional male circumcision find, read and cite all the research. Institute for social medicine, epidemiology and health economics, charite university medical centre, berlin, germany. As part of a larger study, repeat semistructured interviews with 30 adult men from alexandra township were conducted. In uganda, it is practiced in the eastern parts on traditional or cultural justifications. Medical vs traditional male circumcision debate rages living. In the eastern cape the application of health standards in traditional circumcision act of 2001 makes it. Key legislation governing regulation of traditional circumcision in the. Although mc has been demonstrated to reduce the risk of acquisition of several sexual transmitted. Standards in the traditional circumcision act act no. Male circumcision initiation schools form part of the cultural practice in south africa and are protected by the south african constitution south. Challenges facing traditional male circumcision in the.
A mass circumcision ceremony is traditionally practiced. Methods and findings a populationbased survey was conducted with 2350 respondents aged 1549. Traditional male circumcision among young people service. Traditional male circumcision clearinghouse on male. Circumcision surgical procedure in males involves either a conventional cut and stitch surgical procedure or use of a circumcision instrument or device. The male circumcision rate in kenya is around 84%, with operations performed in hospitals and clinics.
The aap leaves the circumcision decision up to parents and supports use of anesthetics for infants who have the procedure. In most ethnic communities, the traditional male circumcision is usually done in form of a staged. Ulwaluko, traditional circumcision and initiation into manhood, is an ancient initiation rite practised though not exclusively by the amaxhosa. Still one should emphasize the danger of the procedure, even with an intervention of additional training. Traditional male circumcision open uct university of cape town. Lucinda le roux a minithesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree. Removing this skin, called the foreskin, fully exposes the head of the penis. Making the case for circumcision as a public health strategy. Additional studies are needed of complication rates and male circumcision practices with specifically trained traditional surgeons and nurses in order to design the appropriate intervention for the safest traditional male circumcision possible. Randomized clinical trials have shown that medical male circumcision substantially reduces the risk of contracting hiv, 1,2 leading many to espouse this practice as a means to combat hiv on a large scale. The american academy of pediatrics aap found that the health benefits of newborn male circumcision. Pdf traditional male circumcision in a rural community in kedah. Therefore, initiates are called abakhwetha in isixhosa.
In the newborn period less than 2 months of age, almost all circumcisions are done by generalist physicians using one of three surgical instruments. She further explained that there is a difference between traditional and medical circumcision. Background we conducted quantitative and qualitative studies to explore barriers and motivating factors to vmmc for hiv prevention, and to assess utilization of existing vmmc communication channels. So cleanliness is the main benefit for male circumcision and also medical male circumcision is said to prevent the spread of hivaids and other sexually transmitted diseases. Traditional circumcision during manhood initiation rituals. Male circumcision policy, practices and services in the eastern. Recently, the alarming rate of death and injury among initiates has led to the spotlight of media attention and government regulation being focused on traditional circumcision.
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